Natural history under the hammer
By Mark Carnall, on 4 December 2013
Recently there have been a spate of high profile auctions of natural history specimens raising many issues about ownership, the value we should or shouldn’t put on natural history and the relationship between professional scientists, museums, amateurs and private collectors. My colleague Jack Ashby wrote about the recent dodo bones that were auctioned. Colleagues Dave Hone and Mark Graham give a balanced view of the recent sale of a Diplodocus skeleton over at the Guardian. The ‘duelling dinosaurs’ fossil was estimated to reach $9 million at auction in New York and last year the controversial proposed sale of an allegedly illicitly smuggled Tarbosaurus skeleton caused much debate.
I thought I’d add my thoughts on the subject here, in particular about the relationship between collectors, museums and ethics.
Lost to Science
One of the most common criticisms that comes from the scientific community is that these high profile and expensive auctions, way above the budgets that museums can afford, result in a loss to science when specimens pass into private collections. I don’t want to downplay that this is a real problem, I know of at least two examples of important material that would likely cause a re-evaluation of entire groups of organisms but which are resolutely in the hands of private collectors who won’t allow them to be accessed. However, other museums, particularly art collections, embrace and work with private collectors. The museums get to display important or interesting objects and the collectors receive credit and validation for the collections they have built up. Furthermore, the buying, selling and trading of artworks means that there’s an excellent paper trail in the form of auction and exhibition catalogues which means that the movement of works can be traced much more readily than natural history specimens which don’t have this tradition of a published, publicly accessible paper trail.
Private to Public
When it comes to natural history I think we’re too quick to demonise private collectors with the “loss to science” rhetoric. Many of today’s largest museums were founded as private collections that were donated to the nation including the Natural History Museum London, the Natural History Museum Tring and the British Museum. Of course the Tate galleries still bear the name of the man whose funds and collections seeded what is now considered one of the most important art collections in the world. Recently two George Stubbs paintings, the first Western depictions of Australian animals were ‘saved for the nation‘ by the National Maritime Museum (NMM). The works were finally secured by a significant donation from a shipping magnate and patron of the NMM. It would be interesting to consider if the paintings would have been saved in the same way if it were the Natural History Museum trying to secure the funds instead. Natural history museums don’t receive anywhere near the same level or have such a long history of patronage supporting them as other kinds of museums. Often it’s assumed that buyers of multimillion pound specimens erect them in their mansions and display them as ‘trophy’ objects. That’s not to say that this doesn’t occur but I think it’s fair to assume that these buyers may have a keen interest and love of natural history. Perhaps talking to private collectors instead of instantly labelling them as a problem would improve the patronage and support of natural history museums and increase the awareness of ethical collecting and trading.
![Grant Museum plastic dinosaur specimens](https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/museums/files/2013/11/cloisters-183.jpg)
These are the kinds of dinosaurs (and other prehistoric organisms) most museums can afford. These are in fact part of the Grant Museum collection.
If relationships were improved there’s also the danger that scientific research on specimens could be used to increase the price tag of specimens as commercial assets. Say for example, if research on the recently sold Diplodocus skeleton revealed that it was the largest, rarest or the only example of a new species this increases the rarity and desirability of the object and pushes the price even further away from the reaches of public institutions. Conversely, research may devalue a specimen, yet another reason why private collectors may be wary of caliper bearing scientists examining their collections. It’s already ubiquitous across museums to never give a valuation on objects brought in for opinions or identifications to avoid certifying or authenticating material for sale. I’d recommend looking across the museum sector to seek guidance on how other museums deal with the issues of research affecting commodity prices.
Amateur vs. Professional
Lastly, working with private and amateur collectors can very realistically improve our knowledge about the natural world. Anecdotally, I’d say that there’s a deep mistrust of museums by amateur collectors (either those buying their collections or those collecting fossils and unfortunately extant animals from the wild). There’s the perception that once an object goes into a museum collection it’s essentially lost to the public, only accessible to card carrying scientists. With museums bursting at the seams with objects, only a tiny proportion of collections on display and visits to collections requiring managing it’s easy to see where this perception comes from. Again, looking to other museums provides guidance. The excellent, excellent Portable Antiquities Scheme is a solution to this exact problem in archaeology. There are thousands of amateur archaeologists, metal detectorists and collectors and the portable antiquities scheme is an easy way to encourage the wider archaeological community to register finds. They are given full credit for the discoveries, there’s a prestige associated with contributing to the scheme and their finds and data are almost instantly available to the wider sector. Quite why a similar scheme for fossil finds doesn’t exist is increasingly perplexing especially as the legislation and policing of the movement of fossil material, as the aforementioned Tarbosaurus auction highlighted, is nowhere near as robust as it is with artworks and archaeological material.
With museums brokering discussions with private collectors and auction houses we could better support patronage for museums, save important specimens for the public and improve our understanding of palaeontology and biology.
Mark Carnall is the Curator of the Grant Museum of Zoology
8 Responses to “Natural history under the hammer”
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Natural history under the hammer | NatSCA wrote on 9 December 2013:
[…] Reblogged from UCL Museums & Collections Blog […]
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Sold out of science: embracing private collectors in natural history museums. | CHERT wrote on 4 January 2014:
[…] a recent blog post, natural history under the hammer, over on UCL Museums and Collections blog I reflected on the differences between natural history […]
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11 Museum Blogger Questions for #MuseumWeek round 2 | UCL UCL Museums & Collections Blog wrote on 4 April 2014:
[…] different things depending on the hour, day, month and season. Sometimes it’s about the value of natural history specimens and the lack of patronage, sometimes it’s about how we could be doing better as a sector, sometimes it’s about […]
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Phil Hadland wrote on 22 July 2014:
I’ve seen a real lack of ambition to develop care for and make more of existing natural history collections in some museums. Causes may be the individual preferences of curators who are not big fans of the subject or due to the inherit bias against anything that isn’t ‘art’ created by the current name and policy of the Arts Council. In general I feel the decrease in specialists in natural science is the main symptom of this. Why should museums be the only place you can house a type specimen? I feel developing better relationships with collectors is the key. A PAS scheme for fossils would be a great starting point.
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Art & Science of Curation: When Two Tribes Go To War. Art & Science ‘curatorship’ | University of Cambridge Museums wrote on 11 September 2014:
[…] I’ve written previously about how, natural history professionals in particular seem to want to demonise individuals putting a value on scientific objects and amateurs and private collectors are dirty words. Why is it that art institutions are for […]
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How and why to cite museum specimens in research | Fistful Of Cinctans wrote on 23 June 2016:
[…] method and repeatability. It’s one of the main reasons palaeontologists are against expensive auctions of important material that end up in private collections (not any more it seems) because research on them is not repeatable if access isn’t […]
People who pay for things are likely to have both the interest and resources to look after them. That can’t be said of every museum! Moreover, stuff obtained by private collectors is not necessarily “lost” to science or posterity. My own private collection forms the basis for many published papers and 9 books. Moreover, it includes quite a lot of things discarded by museums in the past as lacking value or interest. Arguably I have actually rescued things for science and prevented their loss.
A brilliant new book by John Whiteknight (“Under Glass- a Victorian obsession”, Schiffer, Atglen, PA ISBN 978-0-7643-4407-7) is a scholarly review of taxidermy, wax flowers and other esoterica under glass domes. It’s based on his own wonderful private collection of (mostly British) artefacts that he bought and keeps in America. His collection may be “lost” to Britain, but is the stuff that museums threw out and antique dealers used to despise. Like me, he has performed at his own expense a valuable curatorial and scholarly service.
Nothing is lost by collaborating with interested private collectors. We share similar objectives to formal institutions, but often have more time and resources to devote to them, especially now when institutional staff are under such pressure or even unavailable.