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How much does private schooling raise your pay, and does it make you give more to the community?
By Blog Editor, IOE Digital, on 4 November 2019
Private schools find themselves in the news lately, more than they usually are. Boris Johnson became the fifth Old Etonian prime minister since the war, and immediately appointed a cabinet in which nearly two-thirds were privately educated, re-affirming once again what the Sutton Trust and the government’s Social Mobility Commission have been revealing about the political influence of the privately educated. At the same time, for the first time in many decades the possibility of radical private school reform has entered the political agenda.
Formal evidence on what private schools do can help people evaluate views about Britain’s private school system and whether there is a need for reform. There are two important findings from our latest research which looks at a cohort born in 1990 and where they had reached by the time they were 25 years old. We compared the privately educated with similar others who were educated at state schools. This is the first scientific study in a peer-reviewed journal to look at the total, long-term effects of going to a private school in the 21st century.
First, private schooling makes a big difference to how well people get on in their young adulthood. Those who were at a private secondary school were 12 percentage points more likely than their state school counterparts to be starting a career in a managerial or professional occupation, and were earning on average 17 percent higher pay.
Second, we searched for specific evidence that private schooling generated a benefit for others. In particular, we wanted to know whether private schools were being successful in inculcating community-oriented attitudes and behaviour, such as volunteering and charitable giving. This is relevant because some private schools put this forward as part of the ‘public benefit’ they provide in order to fulfil their obligations as charities, with their associated tax breaks. (By no means all private schools do make this claim, and in any case a large minority of private schools do not claim charitable status.)
The answer: there was no evidence of any difference in community orientation between those educated privately and by the state. As our article concludes: “on average, the privately educated are just like others in this respect, neither more nor less minded to give up their time and money for the community.”
Of course, every child is different, and these average effects do not apply to everyone. Nevertheless, our findings would seem to put to bed the claim, sometimes heard, that modern private schools are a waste of money. Those who claim this have usually not read (or are ignoring) the evidence concerning those educated before 2000, and go on limited knowledge of just a few schools, or make comparisons only with the so-called ‘best’ state schools (by which is usually meant the schools that are very selective in their intake). In our research we compute the average effects for a relatively large number of pupils in private and state schools across the range.
Our methods, while conventional, are not perfect – we cannot perform a randomised controlled trial of the effects of going to a rich private school; there are no locations in Britain that have had lotteries where substantial numbers of pupils are selected randomly for a private school education. Nevertheless, we are able to control for pupils’ background with a rich array of family characteristics data, including social class, income, parents’ education, region, gender, the local area deprivation score and an index of home disruption up to age 13.
If one thinks about the high fees, a 17 percent pay premium may or may not be a good ‘return’. It is hard to calculate the net lifetime return when there are many uncertainties. Nevertheless it is likely that the premium will only increase as people’s careers progress, even if it is too early to say for sure. The extra amounts earned over a career by the privately educated, added to the probability of marrying a richer partner (also evidenced in the literature), suggest that private schools may well be a good investment for those that can afford it. For this, if for no other reason, we can expect the demand for private schooling to persist. Those wanting to see change, because they would like to improve social mobility and social justice, should not expect Britain’s private schools to wither away on a declining market. That mistake has been made before, for example by the 1970s Labour governments.
The finding about charitable giving and volunteering should not stop individual private schools aiming to bring up good citizens, and those that go the extra mile to do so might want to sing about it. But if a school is to claim this as part of its ‘public benefit’, in order to help maintain the tax exemption advantages of its charitable status, then our findings suggest that the Charity Commission should be requiring some independent evidence that what it is doing makes a difference – which won’t be easy to produce.
Green, F., J. Anders, M. Henderson and G. Henseke (2019 online). “Private benefits? External benefits? Outcomes of private schooling in 21st Century Britain.” Journal of Social Policy.
The accepted pre-publication version of the paper is now available open access here.
Photo: Dulwich College by David Fisher via Creative Commons
6 Responses to “How much does private schooling raise your pay, and does it make you give more to the community?”
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rogertitcombe wrote on 4 November 2019:
Before we jump to the usual conclusions it must be noted that private schools are very varied. The ones that produce our Prime Ministers are highly academically selective. Is this PM pattern down to their schools or their Oxbridge degrees, which are open to anybody?
There are huge numbers of terrible private schools many of which would be going bust if the DfE wasn’t bailing them out as Free Schools. I would be surprised if many of these latter have resulted in any kind of professional advantage.
However the taxpayer should not be subsidising any sort of private education.
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Caleb W wrote on 4 November 2019:
It’s curious to see what is – and what is not – written about private schools here.
Benefits seem to be apparent: “private schooling makes a big difference to how well people get on in their young adulthood. Those who were at a private secondary school were 12 percentage points more likely than their state school counterparts to be starting a career in a managerial or professional occupation, and were earning on average 17 percent higher pay.”
This is something like ‘pay to win at life’ – extra benefits arise for those people who come from affluent and advantaged families that can send children to private schools.
But there’s apparently no message here – nothing at all – about whether private schools could or should continue, or whether these systems that allow ‘advantages for the already-advantage’ should continue?
And yet grammar schools are heavily criticised instead by other people?
And yet grouping by attainment is heavily criticised by other people?
Any yet any number of other aspects of education are heavily criticised by other people?
But not private schools?
Apparently private schools must be great! Go to private schools – get extra pay later in life! That must be great… for the already advantaged elite, at least.
Too bad for everyone else, yes?
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Blog Editor wrote on 4 November 2019:
Francis Green replies: I
sympathise with your desire to derive a moral message about private schools from my blog. I start from the position that, whether or not one wants to reform or change private schools in any way, it is important to understand what they do.
If you would like to see my views on the need for change, and what kind of reforms might or might not work, please see the book I recently co-authored:
Francis Green and David Kynaston Engines of Privilege. Britain’s Private School Problem, Bloomsbury 2019. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/engines-of-privilege-9781526601261/ -
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Caleb W wrote on 5 November 2019:
Thanks for replying! Although remember that everyone has different levels of advantage or disadvantage – some people might not easily be able to buy your book. A financial barrier is also somewhat ironic, in this context! (Perhaps there are other, more accessible, ways to disseminate recommendations and reforms that might follow from research?)
You say: “I sympathise with your desire to derive a moral message about private schools from my blog. I start from the position that, whether or not one wants to reform or change private schools in any way, it is important to understand what they do.”
Fair enough, but your paper seems to convey that understanding seems to be clarifying – although, as in any study, new insights are raised from the different data. For example, the paper says: “Drawing on evidence from university leaver surveys, it has been found that graduates who had earlier been educated at private schools are more likely to attain high-status occupations, and to gain higher wages, than otherwise similar state-educated university graduates (Crawford and Vignoles, 2014; Macmillan et al., 2015; Crawford et al. 2016).” and so on. Plus there’s the various Social Mobility Commission, Sutton Trust, and other reports. Sure, it’s important to keep on researching what private schools “do”. But are we ever going to gain a complete and comprehensive understanding? Or is any of this sufficient to work from?
My point was perhaps whether the abscence of an “moral message” – when other people might make “moral messages” – might be seen as a message in itself.
Social inequality seems to be part of the rhetoric that’s used to explain the relevance of this work. I guess it’s important to be clear about what research does, what question is being answered or what issue is being addressed, and what the message is. For example, if we say that ‘more benefits come to those who attend private school – what can we do to mitigate this and make society fairer?’ – then just saying ‘this research found that attending private schools boosts people’s income’ isn’t really the answer to that question. Although it does indeed affirm the ‘more benefits come to those who attend private school’ point.
And if a system is inequitable, who benefits from affirming the current system? Presumably we’re back to the already-advantaged gaining benefits.
While some other people are left struggling to buy books in their daily life.
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CLS | How much does private schooling raise your pay, and does it make you give more to the community? wrote on 6 November 2019:
[…] This article was first published on the IOE London Blog. […]
Good to see the evidence for what seems intuitively to be the case – particularly private schools’ embeddedness in the class system of British society and the need for their putative benefits to those outside to be demonstrated.