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Jinqian Li, STEaPP Alumni, reflects on her MPA Experience at UCL

By leonie.dunn, on 18 November 2024

Head shot of Alumni Jinqian Li

My academic journey in the Master of Public Administration (MPA) in Digital Technologies and Policy at University College London has been truly enriching. The programme has equipped me with robust analytical skills to understand cutting-edge technologies and develop evidence-based policies that address their societal implications.

The curriculum was thoughtfully structured to provide hands-on experience in policy development across multiple domains. The simulated multilateral negotiations were particularly valuable, where we represented different nations to address urgent technological and social challenges. These exercises strengthened our ability to analyse complex issues efficiently, identify key priorities, and develop practical policy solutions under time constraints while honing our diplomatic and negotiation skills.

The programme’s emphasis on real-world application culminated in our group project, where we collaborated with industry partners to address contemporary challenges. Through this experience, I developed essential skills in teamwork, professional communication, and data analysis. Our research on IoT privacy frameworks with the Information Commissioner’s Office across China, the UK, and Japan led to a presentation at the PETRAS conference in London, where engaging with international academics helped refine our policy recommendations.

A significant achievement during my MPA studies was publishing an op-ed in the AI&Society journal, developed under Dr. Jean-Christophe Mauduit’s guidance. The piece examined the implications of police use of facial recognition technology in the UK, focusing on transparency and bias concerns. Additionally, my analysis of Weibo’s role in China’s digital landscape, written for another module focusing on technology complex, supported my successful application to the University of Cambridge’s MPhil programme.

The supportive environment at UCL really enhanced the academic experience. The guidance from faculty members and collaboration with fellow international students created a constructive learning atmosphere that facilitated both professional and personal growth. It’s somewhere I would always love to return to share life updates and exchange ideas, both academic and personal.

For those keen to shape the future of technology policy and make a meaningful impact on society, I wholeheartedly recommend exploring UCL’s Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP). Whether you’re fascinated by emerging technologies technically/ethically, deeply committed to sustainability, or passionate about bridging the gap between innovation and public good, STEaPP offers brilliant pathways to help you achieve your aspirations.

Author: Jinqian Li, STEaPP Alumni. MPA Digital Technologies and Policy 2022-2023.

UCL’s MPA Students Host Second Summit on Sustainability

By leonie.dunn, on 16 May 2024

On 26 April, a cross-faculty student committee representing the MPA degrees from the UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose (IIPP), UCL Department of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Public Policy (STEaPP), and UCL Department of Political Science (DoPS) hosted the second annual Summit on Sustainability.

MPA students The Summit brought together students, academics, and professionals for an interactive and collaborative learning experience as well as engaging discussions about ongoing action in sustainability. This year’s theme, the Power and Politics of Sustainability Transitions, aimed to navigate the increasingly complex world of activism, policy, and conflict surrounding sustainable transitions and solutions.

Collaboration with the UCL Climate Action Unit opened the Summit

Dr. Kris de Meyer from the UCL Climate Action Unit started the event off with a talk about climate change and the uncertainty of the future. He demonstrated how we are doing what we can because it’s what we know, but posed the question: “If we knew the solution, what might we do differently to get there?” The thought-provoking talk set the tone for the event and explored the different realities that can and do exist in sustainability.

Jon Alexander and Jane Davidson in fireside chat about collaboration

Co-founder of The New Citizenship Project and co-author of Citizens, Jon Alexander has worked to center the public at the heart of collaborative issues like climate change and economic insecurity – to treat people like Citizens not Consumers. He sat down with Jane Davidson, former Welsh Government minister and current chair of the Wales Net Zero 2035 Group, to discuss community participation in policymaking. Ms. Davidson delved into her history has a lawmaker in Wales, living through community collaboration for a better future. Her passion for sustainability led to the Wellbeing of Future Generations Act (2015), putting sustainability at the forefront of all government and public organization action.

Panel with Jon Alexander and Jane DavidsonPolicy Pathways Simulation adapted from in-field work for MPA participation

After lunch, the UCL Climate Action Unit once again took the stage to deliver a two-hour activity in which the participating students and staff joined a Climate Strategy Advisory Board to advise on a hypothetical green transition plan set out by the Prime Minister. Policy Pathways was created by the Unit as a virtual exercise for policymakers and politicians to collaborate and deliver different methods of sustainability transitions through financial regulation, taxation, and public subsidies. The simulation was adapted for the Summit with the goal of providing groups with differing perspectives the chance to discuss and debate amongst themselves, leading to somewhat differing strategies.

UCL Climate Action interactive workshopAfter the activity, Dr. de Meyer showed that, in the field, stakeholders struggled to utilise the existing policy tools to deliver effective and affordable green transitions. He brought the conversation back to his opening talk, wherein he stated that we can only do what we know, so we must expand that knowledge in order to expand the reality of sustainability.

Multi-profession panel explores navigating power and politics in the field of sustainability

Moderated by one of the student organizers, the three-person panel discussed different actors’ roles in change, and how power plays into the sustainability movement when it comes to justice and representation. Selina Newell, Director of Climate Action Implementation at C40, Fatou Jeng, founder of Clean Earth Gambia and Youth Climate Advisor to the UN Secretary General, and Asad Rehman, Executive Director of War on Want, unpacked the different levels of action, from individual movements to global affairs. Much of the conversation focused on equity being utmost important for sustainability movements and recognising economic inequality as a major point of conflict when it comes to global change. The cross-sector backgrounds of the panellists offered unique insight into the different powers that activists and policymakers have to enact change through sustainability transitions.

Multi-professional panelClare Farrell speaks on the failure of ‘sustainability’ and where to go from here

To round out the Summit, keynote speaker Clare Farrell, co-founder of Extinction Rebellion, delivered a talk titled Why Sustainability Isn’t Working Out. She spoke on her background in fashion and ethics, and how her work on the ground in activism led to the group’s message of civil rebellion for democratic change. Her thought-proving talk demonstrated the slow-moving and barrier-filled process of change through established political and economic institutions, and how the conventional perception of ‘sustainability’ has failed to come to fruition. Ms. Farrell guided the attendees to think about what must change now in order to achieve future goals in green transitions. She wrapped up the event by evoking hope in action now for change later.

Clare Farrell Extinction Rebellion as speakerAfter closing remarks, guests and attendees were invited to food and drinks for a two-hour networking social with open discussion and further questions.

Continuing cross-MPA collaboration and learning

Last year’s summit paved the way for the collaborative effort made this year. The three departments delivered learning in different contexts. Unifying those views for a cohesive and multi-perspective educational opportunity allowed the attendees and the committee to learn from both each other as well as the guests. Collaboration between the MPAs is imperative as we the students prepare to embark on our professional journeys as decision makers. Our ability to learn from each other must be fostered now so that it is not limited to these formal institutions. After coming together for this year’s Summit, we hope the relationship between the departments’ MPA programs continues to grow and furthers collaboration in the coming years.

Authors Note

Written by Erin Sebastian.

Erin along with the other organisers of the Sustainability Summit would like to give a special thanks to Kazuhiro Naito and Liam Orme for photography.

 

Adversarial Attacks, Robustness and Generalization in Deep Reinforcement Learning

By Ezgi Korkmaz, on 20 December 2023

Reinforcement learning has achieved substantial progress on successfully completing tasks, from solving complex games to large language models (i.e. GPT-4) including many different fields from medical applications to self-driving vehicles and finance, by learning from raw high-dimensional data with the utilization of deep neural networks as function approximators.

The vulnerabilities of deep reinforcement learning policies against adversarial attacks have been demonstrated in prior studies [1,2,3,4]. However, a recent study takes these vulnerabilities one step further and introduces natural attacks (i.e. natural changes to the environment given that these changes are imperceptible) while providing a contradistinction between adversarial attacks and natural attacks. The instances of such changes include, but are not limited to creating a blur, introduction of compression artifacts, or perspective projection of the state observations at a level that humans cannot perceive the change.

Intriguingly, the results reported demonstrate that these natural attacks are at least equally, and often more imperceptible compared to adversarial attacks, while causing larger drop in policy performance. While these results carry significant concerns regarding artificial intelligence safety [5,6,7], they further raise questions on the model’s security. Note that the prior studies on adversarial attacks on deep reinforcement learning rely on the strong adversary assumption, in which the adversary has access to the policy’s perception system, training details of the policy (e.g. algorithm, neural network architecture, training dataset), and the ability to alter observations in real time with simultaneous modifications to the observation system of the policy with computationally demanding adversarial formulations. Thus, the fact that natural attacks described in [8] are black-box adversarial attacks, i.e. the adversary does not have access to the training details of the policy and the policy’s perception system to compute the adversarial perturbations, raises further questions on machine learning safety and responsible artificial intelligence.

Furthermore, the second part of the paper investigates the robustness of adversarially trained deep reinforcement learning policies (i.e. robust reinforcement learning) under natural attacks, and demonstrates that vanilla trained deep reinforcement learning policies are more robust than adversarially, i.e. robust, trained policies. While these results reveal further security concerns regarding the robust reinforcement learning algorithms, they further demonstrate that adversarially trained deep reinforcement learning policies cannot generalize at the same level as straightforward vanilla trained deep reinforcement learning algorithms.

This study overall, while providing a contradistinction between adversarial attacks and natural black-box attacks, further reveals the connection between generalization in reinforcement learning and the adversarial perspective.

Author’s Note: This blog post is based on the paper ‘Adversarial Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning Requires Redefining Robustness’ published in AAAI 2023.
References:
[1] Adversarial Attacks on Neural Network Policies, ICLR 2017.
[2] Investigating Vulnerabilities of Deep Neural Policies. Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI), PMLR 2021.
[3] Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies Learn Shared Adversarial Features Across MDPs. AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2022. [Paper Link]
[4] Detecting Adversarial Directions in Deep Reinforcement Learning to Make Robust Decisions. International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2023. [Paper Link]
[5] New York Times. Global Leaders Warn A.I. Could Cause ‘Catastrophic’ Harm, November 2023.
[6] The Washington Post. 17 fatalities, 736 crashes: The shocking toll of Tesla’s Autopilot, June 2023.
[7] The Guardian. UK, US, EU and China sign declaration of AI’s ‘catastrophic’ danger, November 2023.
[8] Adversarial Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning Requires Redefining Robustness, AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2023. [Paper Link]
[9] Understanding and Diagnosing Deep Reinforcement Learning. International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2024. [Paper Link]

Is a total ban of plastic bags good and inclusive? Lessons from Rwanda

By katerynatsybenko, on 24 September 2021

In June 2021, Ukraine adopted a law to ban plastic bags. The ban will be implemented in stages: in December 2021, bags up to 50 microns thick will be banned; on March 2022, bags 15 microns thick will be banned. Only very small thin bags for transporting fish, meat, ice will be allowed but for a limited period of time. Starting from January 1 2023, only biodegradable bags will be allowed. Similar bans have been imposed in other countries, such as Rwanda and the UK, and in the EU. Radical policies to ban plastic bags may improve environmental sustainability, but there can be unintended consequences. They should be anticipated and carefully planned for.

plastic bags in different colours at lanfill

Photo by Brian Yurasits on Unsplash

The new Ukrainian law stipulates fines for using plastic bags: 1700-8500 UAH (45-215GBP, while 150GBP is a minimum salary) from December 2021, and 8500-34000 UAH (215-850 GBP) from March 2022.

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Walking, cycling and using public transport: how the UK government offers to develop urban mobility

By katerynatsybenko, on 16 December 2020

Kateryna Tsybenko is an MPA candidate in Science, Engineering and Public Policy

Recently, the Ukrainian Minister of Infrastructure Vladyslav Krykliy announced that Ukraine plans to replace all public transport with electric transport by 2030. It will take place within the framework of the implementation of the National Transport Strategy.

I currently study in the UK, and I researched the UK’s urban mobility strategy; and in this blog, I want to share urban mobility trends in this country. The key in it is the emphasis on inclusiveness, encouraging citizens to use public transport instead of individual transport, ride-sharing, walking and cycling, and broad support for all these means of transportation, including through open data.

Image of trams and bus

Anne Burgess / Integrated Public Transport

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