The scope of today’s environmental challenges is vast and demands careful and contextual evaluations, guidance, and policy interventions. One of the pressing issues is the depletion of fossil fuel resources, which has driven a shift toward renewable energy. While both the Global North and South encounter significant hurdles in this transition, the South faces a particularly intricate set of obstacles, especially when striving for a just energy transition.

For the Global South, this transition often needs to align with economic growth imperatives. Although the Global North now leads in renewable energy adoption, one must note that it reaped extensive benefits from fossil fuels during the colonial era. The South, however, cannot replicate that path and has yet to build similarly robust institutions.

This context highlights the complexities that nations in the Global South—such as Indonesia—must address in pursuing their just transition goals. Our recent study (Jazuli et al., 2024) uses Indonesia as a case to illustrate how political, social, and regulatory factors substantially influence its energy transition efforts under the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP).

An ‘un-environmental’ analysis

Our work employs a policy regime framework, focusing on political, social, and regulatory ‘realities’ to evaluate Indonesia’s JETP, which was initiated during the country’s G20 presidency in 2022. While Indonesia’s commitment to the JETP marks a promising step toward reducing carbon emissions and promoting renewables, it also underscores broader challenges faced by the Global South in moving away from fossil fuels. Indonesia’s long-standing struggles to reform fossil fuel subsidies (FFSR) reflect these difficulties.

Starting in the wake of the 1998 Asian financial crisis, FFSR aimed to divert funds from fossil fuel subsidies to essential sectors like health and education. However, the progress has been hampered by political pushback and social resistance. Similarly, the JETP—though encouraging—faces significant barriers. Achieving a fair energy transition demands more than environmental resolve; it requires solid political, social, and regulatory support.

Politically, resistance to foreign-controlled financing and concerns about national debt present considerable challenges for the JETP. Additionally, coal, a vital export and energy source, is deeply embedded in Indonesia’s political and economic systems. Socially, the JETP is promoted as a national priority, yet it remains poorly understood among much of Indonesia’s population. On the regulatory side, Indonesia’s inconsistent policy landscape hinders JETP’s progress; despite ambitious carbon reduction goals, energy policies continue to favor coal, the country’s primary energy source.

Recommendations for the Global South

JETP initiatives are being pursued not only in Indonesia but also in countries like South Africa, Senegal, and Vietnam. Although these nations have unique policy environments, they share common characteristics typical of the South, such as nascent institutional structures and diverse communities. Based on our analysis, we offer three recommendations for administrations and advocates of JETPs in the Global South.

Firstly, success depends on political support from key stakeholders. Advocates should frame the energy transition as a catalyst for economic growth and national security, not merely an environmental issue. Consistent dialogue with political leaders is essential to ensure JETP alignment with their agendas. Emphasizing how JETPs can expand political leaders’ constituencies will boost the initiative’s appeal.

Secondly, for an equitable transition, it’s vital to go beyond elite (English-dominated) discussions and actively involve affected groups, such as coal industry workers. Vulnerable populations, including women and indigenous communities, should also have a voice in decision-making to foster an inclusive transition. Engaging trusted entities like religious, social, and cultural organizations can build ownership and trust.

Lastly, existing regulatory frameworks need revisiting to ensure policy alignment, particularly in curbing fossil fuel dependency, which conflicts with renewable energy goals. JETPs can act as a lever for updating and streamlining policies that currently impede renewable energy growth and investment. Effective enforcement is also critical to overcoming the policy inertia and reversals common in energy-related reforms. (*)

Muhamad Rosyid Jazuli – PhD Candidate at UCL STEaPP, affiliate researcher at Paramadina Public Policy Institute

Related publication:

Jazuli, M. R., Roll, K., & Mulugetta, Y. (2024). A review of Indonesia’s JETP through the dynamics of its policy regime. Global Policy, 00, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13452

My academic journey in the Master of Public Administration (MPA) in Digital Technologies and Policy at University College London has been truly enriching. The programme has equipped me with robust analytical skills to understand cutting-edge technologies and develop evidence-based policies that address their societal implications.

The curriculum was thoughtfully structured to provide hands-on experience in policy development across multiple domains. The simulated multilateral negotiations were particularly valuable, where we represented different nations to address urgent technological and social challenges. These exercises strengthened our ability to analyse complex issues efficiently, identify key priorities, and develop practical policy solutions under time constraints while honing our diplomatic and negotiation skills.

The programme’s emphasis on real-world application culminated in our group project, where we collaborated with industry partners to address contemporary challenges. Through this experience, I developed essential skills in teamwork, professional communication, and data analysis. Our research on IoT privacy frameworks with the Information Commissioner’s Office across China, the UK, and Japan led to a presentation at the PETRAS conference in London, where engaging with international academics helped refine our policy recommendations.

A significant achievement during my MPA studies was publishing an op-ed in the AI&Society journal, developed under Dr. Jean-Christophe Mauduit’s guidance. The piece examined the implications of police use of facial recognition technology in the UK, focusing on transparency and bias concerns. Additionally, my analysis of Weibo’s role in China’s digital landscape, written for another module focusing on technology complex, supported my successful application to the University of Cambridge’s MPhil programme.

The supportive environment at UCL really enhanced the academic experience. The guidance from faculty members and collaboration with fellow international students created a constructive learning atmosphere that facilitated both professional and personal growth. It’s somewhere I would always love to return to share life updates and exchange ideas, both academic and personal.

For those keen to shape the future of technology policy and make a meaningful impact on society, I wholeheartedly recommend exploring UCL’s Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP). Whether you’re fascinated by emerging technologies technically/ethically, deeply committed to sustainability, or passionate about bridging the gap between innovation and public good, STEaPP offers brilliant pathways to help you achieve your aspirations.

Author: Jinqian Li, STEaPP Alumni. MPA Digital Technologies and Policy 2022-2023.

During the summer I did two short internships, both lasting about a month. The first was at the Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP) which is a policy research NGO that also works to expand renewable energy projects across Japan. The second was at an ODA organisation called the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

My main responsibilities at ISEP were to record and format meeting minutes from calls/interviews with the local community and newspapers. I also drafted ISEP’s plan for intermediary support with the Japan Centre for Climate Change Actions. At JICA, the main goal of the internship was to learn about JICA’s local centres’ activities, speak with local actors and ultimately propose new materials/topics that JICA’s local centre should work on. This gave me the flexibility to choose and contact organisations that I wanted to interview to use as material for the proposal.

I chose to apply for these internships because I knew that my summer break was going to be long and I thought it would be a great time to learn topics I am interested in and to use material I have learnt during first year in real life context. Studying on the course and at UCL helped when applying to the internships. For the ISEP internship, the senior researcher was interested in the work I engaged in at UCL’s energy society. During the interview, understanding concepts and terminology such as “Feed in Tariffs” and “the difference between kW and kWh” from STEP0039 Society, Systems and Change and ENGF0014 Engineering Thinking 1, respectively, helped me answer the questions and secure the internship.

For JICA, the director of JICA Hokuriku was interested in the BSc Science and Engineering for Social Change course itself, since multi/inter-disciplinary courses are also increasing in Japan and he wanted to know the difference. During the interview, we brought up topics such as “Bounded rationality” which was introduced in STEP0041 Policy co-design 1 and discussed the difficulties of decision-making in the Japanese government with the director. My understanding of those topics allowed me to engage in the discussion and make meaningful comments during the interview which I hope gave a good impression to them.

At ISEP, I was able to facilitate a citizen assembly which was one of the policy co-design tools discussed in STEP0041 Policy co-design 1. The citizen assembly was about revitalising an old city, and what facilities would residents want that would make their lives more fun/convenient. We gave post-it notes to the participants, and they wrote what they wanted on the yellow ones. Later on, we mixed up the group and discussed what topics had come up in the previous group and I wrote down some keywords that I found important. It was almost like hope and fear cards, except the fear cards were not used because the first session was intended to be as light-hearted and positive as possible. Since this was my first time actually engaging with a community, I was nervous and unsure if I would be able to do it well, but it was an excellent opportunity to actually engage in an activity that was taught in class.

Author: Shunsei Kobayashi, Second Year BSc Science and Engineering for Social Change student.

As the 31st International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering 2024 kicks off at UCL East, over 100 engineers from around the world—including the United Kingdom, Brazil, Mexico, United States, China, Japan, Sweden, Singapore, and others—converge in London to explore how transdisciplinary engineering can drive social change and improve the world. This conference provides a platform for discussing the crucial role of engineering and science in addressing societal challenges through innovative, interdisciplinary approaches.

We already know that transdisciplinary research teams comprising engineers and others, tend to produce research that is more likely to have policy and commercial impact. Yet, with over 334 categorized research fields, there are more than 35 billion possible combinations for interdisciplinary work for teams of up to 5 researchers. Depending on the combination of researcher capabilities, some interdisciplinary teams may be better suited for disruptive science, developing patents, or informing policy. But which combinations of fields lead to which type of impact?

Supported by Elsevier and working with the Growth Lab at Harvard Kennedy School, we are applying complexity methods and machine learning on bibliometric data to understand which combination of researcher capabilities leads to high-impact research. For this blog, we’ll discuss our work within the context of the impact of interdisciplinary climate research on public policy.

To calculate interdisciplinarity, we determine the capabilities of authors based on their publication history in different fields. Each author is represented by a vector indicating the number of times they have published in each field. These author vectors are then used to calculate the disciplinary diversity (DDA) of each paper, reflecting the combined expertise and capabilities of the co-authoring team.

As a first step, we ran a series of statistical analyses and regressions to evaluate the relationship between a paper’s interdisciplinarity score and the number of policy citations it received. Preliminary results show that interdisciplinarity explains almost 15% of the variance in policy citations, making it the strongest predictor of policy impact we have identified so far. In fact, transdisciplinarity is found to be three times better at predicting policy citations than conventional metrics of research excellence, exceeding the combined effects of academic citations, journal impact factor, and author h-index.

We then aggregated our analysis at the topic level by calculating the average interdisciplinarity score of papers within each topic. The first observation is that climate change-related topics with high interdisciplinarity are less common than those with low diversity. The distribution of these topics is shown in Figure 1.

Fig 1: Distribution of paper interdisciplinarity in climate research

The second observation is that topics with higher ratios of policy citations have nearly double the average interdisciplinarity score compared to topics with relatively low policy citations. Figure 2 illustrates the difference in interdisciplinary distribution between the low and high policy relevance groups.

Figure 2: Interdisciplinary Distribution by Policy Relevance

Finally, using the paper vectors, we are developing a machine learning model to understand which combinations of author capabilities and team dynamics lead to high policy impact. The preliminary model has already found that for climate change-related research overall, teams involving researchers with expertise in economics, meteorology & atmospheric sciences, general & internal medicine, ecology, and horticulture tend to be associated with higher policy impact.

Moving forward, we are refining the model to predict the optimal team dynamics for high impact within specific policy topics. We are expanding the training data to include additional metrics and features, such as academic seniority, international collaboration, and research text. Furthermore, we will incorporate the distances between research fields to study the effects of deep interdisciplinarity, bringing together researchers from relatively less connected fields, on social impact.

As TE2024 brings together engineers and researchers from around the globe, this work exemplifies the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges and driving social change through innovative, data-driven approaches. Equipped with machine learning tools like this, researchers can develop targeted strategies to form data-informed transdisciplinary teams, optimized for maximum societal benefit and impact.

On 26 April, a cross-faculty student committee representing the MPA degrees from the UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose (IIPP), UCL Department of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Public Policy (STEaPP), and UCL Department of Political Science (DoPS) hosted the second annual Summit on Sustainability.

The Summit brought together students, academics, and professionals for an interactive and collaborative learning experience as well as engaging discussions about ongoing action in sustainability. This year’s theme, the Power and Politics of Sustainability Transitions, aimed to navigate the increasingly complex world of activism, policy, and conflict surrounding sustainable transitions and solutions.

Collaboration with the UCL Climate Action Unit opened the Summit

Dr. Kris de Meyer from the UCL Climate Action Unit started the event off with a talk about climate change and the uncertainty of the future. He demonstrated how we are doing what we can because it’s what we know, but posed the question: “If we knew the solution, what might we do differently to get there?” The thought-provoking talk set the tone for the event and explored the different realities that can and do exist in sustainability.

Jon Alexander and Jane Davidson in fireside chat about collaboration

Co-founder of The New Citizenship Project and co-author of Citizens, Jon Alexander has worked to center the public at the heart of collaborative issues like climate change and economic insecurity – to treat people like Citizens not Consumers. He sat down with Jane Davidson, former Welsh Government minister and current chair of the Wales Net Zero 2035 Group, to discuss community participation in policymaking. Ms. Davidson delved into her history has a lawmaker in Wales, living through community collaboration for a better future. Her passion for sustainability led to the Wellbeing of Future Generations Act (2015), putting sustainability at the forefront of all government and public organization action.

Policy Pathways Simulation adapted from in-field work for MPA participation

After lunch, the UCL Climate Action Unit once again took the stage to deliver a two-hour activity in which the participating students and staff joined a Climate Strategy Advisory Board to advise on a hypothetical green transition plan set out by the Prime Minister. Policy Pathways was created by the Unit as a virtual exercise for policymakers and politicians to collaborate and deliver different methods of sustainability transitions through financial regulation, taxation, and public subsidies. The simulation was adapted for the Summit with the goal of providing groups with differing perspectives the chance to discuss and debate amongst themselves, leading to somewhat differing strategies.

After the activity, Dr. de Meyer showed that, in the field, stakeholders struggled to utilise the existing policy tools to deliver effective and affordable green transitions. He brought the conversation back to his opening talk, wherein he stated that we can only do what we know, so we must expand that knowledge in order to expand the reality of sustainability.

Multi-profession panel explores navigating power and politics in the field of sustainability

Moderated by one of the student organizers, the three-person panel discussed different actors’ roles in change, and how power plays into the sustainability movement when it comes to justice and representation. Selina Newell, Director of Climate Action Implementation at C40, Fatou Jeng, founder of Clean Earth Gambia and Youth Climate Advisor to the UN Secretary General, and Asad Rehman, Executive Director of War on Want, unpacked the different levels of action, from individual movements to global affairs. Much of the conversation focused on equity being utmost important for sustainability movements and recognising economic inequality as a major point of conflict when it comes to global change. The cross-sector backgrounds of the panellists offered unique insight into the different powers that activists and policymakers have to enact change through sustainability transitions.

Clare Farrell speaks on the failure of ‘sustainability’ and where to go from here

To round out the Summit, keynote speaker Clare Farrell, co-founder of Extinction Rebellion, delivered a talk titled Why Sustainability Isn’t Working Out. She spoke on her background in fashion and ethics, and how her work on the ground in activism led to the group’s message of civil rebellion for democratic change. Her thought-proving talk demonstrated the slow-moving and barrier-filled process of change through established political and economic institutions, and how the conventional perception of ‘sustainability’ has failed to come to fruition. Ms. Farrell guided the attendees to think about what must change now in order to achieve future goals in green transitions. She wrapped up the event by evoking hope in action now for change later.

After closing remarks, guests and attendees were invited to food and drinks for a two-hour networking social with open discussion and further questions.

Continuing cross-MPA collaboration and learning

Last year’s summit paved the way for the collaborative effort made this year. The three departments delivered learning in different contexts. Unifying those views for a cohesive and multi-perspective educational opportunity allowed the attendees and the committee to learn from both each other as well as the guests. Collaboration between the MPAs is imperative as we the students prepare to embark on our professional journeys as decision makers. Our ability to learn from each other must be fostered now so that it is not limited to these formal institutions. After coming together for this year’s Summit, we hope the relationship between the departments’ MPA programs continues to grow and furthers collaboration in the coming years.

Authors Note

Written by Erin Sebastian.

Erin along with the other organisers of the Sustainability Summit would like to give a special thanks to Kazuhiro Naito and Liam Orme for photography.